2004), shape memory materials (Otsuka and Wayman 1999), chromoactive materials (García Huete 2017), magneto-rheological materials (Ahamed et al. Notable among these new developments are piezoelectric materials (Vijaya 2012), pyroelectric materials (Tzou et al. 2004), with new ones being developed on a daily basis (Akhras 2000 Nerkar et al. 2019).Ī range of different types of smart materials are currently available (Wadley 1996 Tzou et al. Because of the various possibilities for using smart materials as candidates for producing the next generation of biomedical devices, temporary implants, and drug delivery vehicles, smart materials have piqued the curiosity of both scientists and clinicians (Fernandes et al. 2021) with all of these stimuli able to induce some particular change in the characteristics of the smart material in a controlled manner (Jacob et al. Examples of such external stimuli include changes in temperature (Fairman and Åkerfeldt 2005), pH, specific chemicals, and electric or magnetic fields (Anju et al. 2014) designate a special quality in which the material plays an active role with the “smartness” determined by its inherent ability to sense, diagnose, and respond to outside stimuli (Roy et al. Bio-smart materials (also called reactive, responsive materials or intelligent functional materials) (Ebara et al. Nowadays, bio-smart materials which are able to respond to external triggers and mimicking the natural biological tissue have attracted remarkable attention (Binyamin et al. For many decades, a major focus of the research in biomaterial field has been concerned with designing biocompatible materials capable of interacting with the biological system-so-called bioactive materials (Enderle 2005).
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